Recent, massive loss of kelp forests along the coast of northern California has sparked intense concern and strong impetus to restore this crucial ecosystem. This grant will support the integrated research program focused on solutions. In particular, target approaches for offsetting consequences of three key correlates of the kelp decline, which include 1) anomalously high seawater temperatures that likely induced stress in the canopy-forming bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana), 2) a widespread outbreak of the purple urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus), the dominant grazer of N.